Nanoparticles of Gecko and Its Approach in Advance Biomedical Remedies- An Overview

INTRODUCTION

Gecko- Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) has the ability of adhesion property on the thumb pad nanomaterials which have evolved with the development of several sequences of new genes and genomes (Nanowerk news,2015). These have opened a treasure trove of information about living systems of Gecko which can open new area of investigation. The process and commodities of development, cell splitting up and regulation, protein fabrication, hormone manufacture guideline and homeostasis are all the result of organism evolution (Schwenk, et al., 2009). As Darwin recognized, individual organisms and theirnatural selection deals with the integrated phenotype  and operates to produce the adaptations and diversification in the physiology of Gecko- Gekko gecko (Linnaeus,1758) and thus with this adhesive pads this individual exits in the nature still today (Nanowerk news,2015). Geckos -Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) are lizards belonging to the infra-order Gekkota, found in humid climates all through the world. Their body assortment varies from 1.6 to 60 cm. Most geckos cannot open and close the eye, but they often overcome their eyes to maintain them dirt-free and humid. They have been everlasting lens surrounded by each iris that enlarges in darkness to allow more light. Geckos are exceptional among lizards in their communication (Autumn, et al., 2002). They use chirping sounds in social interactions with other geckos. They are  generally dominant  group of lizards, with about 1,500 different species worldwide and its taxonomic background is -

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

Family: Gekkonidae

The new Latin ‘gekko’ and English ‘gecko’ from the Indonesian considered as  Malay Gēkoq. The recent forms of Gecko toes are the important factor, as the toes nanomaterials are great source of medical importance in future (Sitti and Fearing et al., 2002). Gecko toes have special adaptations that allow them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface apprehension. About 60% of Gecko species have adhesive toe pads; such pads have been evolved over the course of Gecko evolution. Gecko footpads enable attractive vander walls' forces between the β-keratin lamellae, setae and spatula like structures of Gecko setal pads (Autumn et al.,2002; Jagota and Bennison et al., 2002).

Naturally, it is interesting to propose that Geckos adhere to just about any facade, wet or dry, smooth or rough, hard or soft. The feet of Gecko adhesive are inimitable in that, it is self-cleaning during repeated use. Its adhesion can be mechanically switched on and off in relation to its activity. The sliding mechanism is observed against a surface where uncurls the seta to engage the adhesive process of legs of Gecko (Gorb and Scherge et al., 2000). Moreover, when relaxing   the sliding tension, the adhesive can be released from the adjacent areas. These features of Gecko, i.e., enthused artificial adhesives can be made in a  non-toxic, biocompatible  or biodegradable way (Arzt et al., 2003; Ng, et al., 2014).

Now I would like to introduce some facts that when any person touches a Gecko it feels soft and smooth and not sticky at all. If you pressed a Gecko toe onto a hard surface it would not be stick ( Bovero and Menon 2014). The toe will only adhere when the microfibers (setae) are occupied in tardy or descending the toe parallel to the surface. If toes were adhesive like tape (Figure 1) it would be difficult for a Gecko to saunter or run, as it would be too firm to drag its foot up. Gecko setae and end plates at the end of stalk (spatulae)  which are made chiefly with beta keratin. At the nanoscopic scale, a fiber can make an intimate contact in a very small area. It has been observed that when the feet of Gecko hold fast with some facade  on that time the intermolecular armed forces make available an epoxy resin force in the variety from 1 to 1000 nano-Newtons ( Gao et al., 2003).

Moreover, soft polymers can adhere well to many surfaces, they have several drawback compared to Gecko-tape produced from resources which are so firm as the keratin protein  in natural Gecko fibbers (Glassmaker et al., 2000; Bovero and Menon, 2014; Ng, et al., 2014; Seo, et al., 2014). It is interesting to make a note of that while Gecko steal arrays are made of a hard material (primarily beta-keratin) array of long, angled fibres’ of keratin have an equivalent rigidity similar to rubber (Glassmaker.et al., 2004; Seo, et al., 2014). It can say here that the soft sticky polymers easily mount up dirt in the surroundings while that  are difficult to clean from Geckos self-clean dirt system  through  their hard hairs. It is interesting to think a piece of adhesive tape as shown in ( Figure 1), how  picks up dirt and loses its  adhesiveness  without any  difficulty ( Peressadko and  Gorb, et al., 2004;). To reduce clumping, fibre spacing has increased, which reduces density and thus reduce clumping process.  Geckos need to be able quickly attach and take away their feet from a exterior. A small gecko can run up a perpendicularly on wall at greater than 1 meter per second. Moreover, attach and flaking its feet more than 20 times per second (Figure2). It has been observed that when contacting a smooth clean surface such as glass or on smooth leaves (Figure3), the gecko microfiber array will have less make contact with area than a conventional adhesive tape. Since adhesion is relative to contact area, a conformist adhesive tape will have greater shear (sliding) strength than microfiber array strength. Even a smooth soft piece of rubber will hold fast very well in shear to smooth glass (Wang, et al., 2014). It is attractive to propose that a synthetic soft material sticks better than gecko to a smooth surface such as glass. Gecko can adhere to a rough and dirty surface as we are usually observed in nature. (Figure 4). As we know   Geckos have evolved one of the most versatile and effective adhesives process. It cannot over rule the process of Vander walls mechanism which totally related with glue property of Gecko setae (Crosby, et al., 2005). Now it has been evolve the device of dry adhesion in the millions of setae on the toes of Geckos which has been developed through the suitable scientific study (Autumn, et al., 2014). It is obvious now that Gecko setal process are  equally effectual on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of a micro electro-mechanical force sensor (Autumn, et al., 2014).It cannot overrule the processes of Vander waals mechanism which totally related with adhesive properties of Gecko setae (Autumn, et al., 2002).

The most unique feature of the leg accessory pads posses quite a lot of individuals including many insects, spiders, and lizards, are competent of attaching to a variety of surface and are used for locomotion. Geckos in particular, have the major mass and have developed the most multifaceted hairy attachment structures capable of elegant adhesion power (Bhushan, 2008; Khaled and Sameoto, 2013). These animals construct use of about three million micro scale hairs or setae (about 14000/mm²) that branch off into hundreds of nanoscale spatula (about a billion spatulae). This hierarchical facade edifice gives the Gecko  to adaptableness or  to produce a huge authentic region to get in touch with surface. A Gecko is capable of produce on the order of 20 N of adhesive strength (Kim, et al., 2013).  Gecko  retain the capability to get rid of its feet from an attachment surface at its will. The glue potency of Gecko setae is dependent relative on the direction and maximum adhesion occurs at 30º (Krahn and Menon, 2013). During walking a gecko is able to unwrap its foot from surface by altering the angle at which its setae get in touch with a surface (Krahn and Menon, 2013). Geckos found in places with warm climates, have attentive for hundreds of years. Scientists have been especially intrigue by these lizards, and have studied a variety of kind- such as the glue toe pads on the bottom of Gecko feet with which Geckos attach to surface with extraordinary power (Figure 5a & 5b) (Gillies and Fearing, 2014). Several  experiments by  several scientist  clearly denotes  that dead Geckos can adhere with the exact same strength as living Gecko’s strength  can apply in the field of robotics.

Adhesive System of Gecko

Gecko and its adhesive system may think as an instance of biological encouragement in nature. The applications of  climbing robots,  as well as balance on air vehicle and also  in  human rock climbing  system  where  synthetic adhesives of gecko  may   act as characteristic  feature (Ciavarella, 2015).

It has been reasonable that the contact condition of Gecko is very sensitive, but if we like to compare   with robust adhesion where   individual seta is canted and highly flexible. In resemblance to the ‘cone of friction’, it can believe that  the “area of adhesion” - the area of normal and peripheral forces that uphold adhesion. Moreover, it can propose, the sticking together region is highly asymmetric enabling the Gecko to hold fast under a variety of loading circumstances associated with scuttle horizontally, vertically and inverted process. Geckos can go up on a variety of surfaces, as well as on even glass and also other surface (He, et al., 2014). Their gluey toes have inspired climbing devices such as Spider-Man gloves (Congcong and Alex, 2014). The setae stick on to contact surfaces through frictional force process as well as armed forces between every molecule which may consider as   Vander waals forces (Taoa, et.al. 2015). These tiny structures are so strong that the setae on a single foot can support twenty times of the Gecko's body weight (Jeong, et al., 2014). Several investigation on Gecko exhibits that dead animals (Gecko) sustain  and posses the  same aptitude to stick on with the same force as living animals performs (Taoa, et. al., 2015). The reports  on Gecko clearly denotes  the performance of  living Gecko produce forces through  their  muscle mobilization or  through neural bustle, which are solely  required for carry out the  normal function  of Gecko feet (Taoa, et.al. 2015). The consideration of sticking   process can be completely motionless which could be pertinent to a lot of diverse kinds of adhesion process in Gecko (Taoa, et.al. 2015; Congcong and Alex, 2014). One  existing work suggest that the "active" constituent of Gecko adhesion is in fact a decrease of bond force when the Gecko "hyperextend" its digits - that is, lift them off from  the ground by curl up of their tips of the digits while the rest of the foot leftovers on the surface (Taoa, et.al., 2015; Congcong and Alex, 2014). It has been establish that the dead animals were more likely to familiar of their adhesive system which suggests that the active control may actually prevent injury. In other verbal skill, when the forces become too high, the Gecko likely to release their arrangement through its muscles function (Taoa, et.al. 2015).

The Gecko bonding system has paying attention since the discovery of the  van der waals interactions which are always present between surfaces,  that are principally accountable for their adhesion (Cremaldi, et al., 2014). The exceptional anisotropic frictional-adhesive ability of the Gecko adhesive system originate from complex hierarchical structures and just as Gecko-l  adhesive can be made-up soft adhesion ( ≈ 1.25 N/cm²) and friction ( ≈ 2.8 N/cm²) forces when actuate for “gripping”, yet release easily with minimal adhesion ( ≈ 0.34 N/cm²) and friction (≈ 0.38 N/cm²) forces. Furthermore, when actuated for “gripping”, yet release easily with minimal adhesion ( ≈ 0.34 N/cm²) and friction (≈ 0.38 N/cm²) forces during detachment or “releasing”, over multiple attachment/detachment cycles, with a relatively small normal preload of 0.16 N/cm² to initiate the adhesion  process (Pesika, et al., 2013; Holbrook, et al., 2013). The possessions of Gecko hierarchical structures, i.e., the feet, toes, setae, and spatula, which are the corresponding models to establish the mechanical concerned in Gecko-inspired surfaces. Moreover, the structures with physically powerful adhesion forces, high ratio of adhesion and confrontation forces that exhibits in anisotropic hierarchical structures. That can   leads to directional adhesion and friction through this   attachment  system and thus  detachment motions persist (Pesika, et al., 2013; Holbrook, et al., 2013).

Nanomaterials of Gecko

Therefore, all above study clearly denote that the principle, materials in Gecko are nonmaterial’s  which posses a single unit (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10^-9  meter). It is usually 1-100 nm. Nanomaterials with structure at the nanoscale often posses optical, electronic or mechanical properties. The structure of  foraminifera and viruses (capsid), the wax crystals covering a lotus or nasturtium leaf, spider and spider-mite silk, the "spatulae" on the bottom of Gecko feet, some butterfly wing scales, natural colloids (milk, blood), horny materials (skin, claws, beaks, feathers, horns, hair), paper,  cotton, nacre and corals also posses optical  electronic properties (Bhattacharyya and Debnath, 2008; Eldridge, 2014; Bhattacharyya, et al., 2015). Moreover, our own bone matrix are natural organic nanomaterials (Bhattacharyya and Debnath, 2008; Eldridge, 2014; Bhattacharyya, et al., 2015).. There are certain nanomaterials which may consider as fullerenes. The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon   which theoretically are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. (Bhattacharyya, et al., 2011; Bhattacharyya, et al., 2012). These include the carbon nano tubes (orsilicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties (Bhattacharyya, et al., 2009). Thus the nanoparticles are of different forms which we have previously mentioned and others nanomaterials are e.g. quantum dots, nanowires and nanorods etc. Nanoparticles or nanocrystals completed with  metals, semiconductors, or oxides which  are of fastidious for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other important  property (Cristin, et al. 2007).  Nanoparticles are of great scientific attention as they are successfully introduced a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures (Chakravarthy et al., 2012; Sukul, et al., 2009). The high surface area containing nanoparticles are exceptional and can take part in diverse important functions. This nanomaterials can be synthesis by two means like, Bottom up and Top down method. In recent decade steadily it is understandable that the arbitrary use of nanomaterials exhibit a risk factor (Huber, et al., 2005). It is very motivating to mention here that the water contain nano-fabrillar polymers have been made-up with  combination of colloidal nanolithography, deep-silicon etching, and nano moulding to pretend to be the nanostructure of Gecko foot-hairs (Kustandi, et al., 2007).. Furthermore, Gecko’s simulated surface characteristics densely packed polymeric nanofibrils (250nm) with super-hydrophobic nature which is water-repellent and “easy-to-clean” the surface through the thump pad.  Through  the macroscopic scale of Gecko , the nano structured facade can stick on tightly to a even glass substrate and come into the use for self-cleaning possessions of the seta nanostructures. The packed polymeric nano fibrils (250nm) with super-hydrophobic nature which are usually found on the surface of the thump pad can carry out its functions with the help of  Van der Waals Forces. The highest adhesion forces are encounter in Geckoes feet , which are involved  in hierarchical structure consisting of toes (millimetre dimensions), lamella (400–600 mm ), setae (micrometre dimensions) and spatula (w200 nm ) (Cao, et al., 2015). Adhesion forces of setae on dissimilar substrates have been measured by a micro-electromechanical arrangement practice. The atomic force microscopy clearly propose that the adhesion force of the Gecko’s add-on system is reproducibly found to  the  concerning  system that is  about 10 nN. Thus the new glow on the nano-mechanisms are the  add-on of Gecko’s pad  which will help to think a based on reason to  design  a  artificial attachment systems. With the expansion of nanotechnology mechanism in Gecko, a synthetic nano adhesive tape, called Gecko Tape (Figure 6) has been developed  in the present century   (Minsky  and Turner , 2015). This is a new skill expectant for  the stickiness of the feet of the wall-climbing lizard-and it‘s a new implement for industrial and /or manufacturing engineers (Lan and Pinnavaia,  1994; Salahuddin, et al., 2002).

Mussels which  are  well known for Gecko’s aptitude to cling on wet surface and also can tidy away specific adhesive proteins containing a high content of the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) which can  help brawny adhesion power of the setae. It has been found that the mussel glue has the ability to stick on almost all surfaces of the pads. It has also been bring into creature that an iron complex ([Fe(AdopaTP)3]) was the key curative agent in this adhesive and the iron centre is synchronized by three DOPA residue(Lan and Pinnavaia,  1994; Salahuddin, et al., 2002).

Proposed mussel adhesive metal-protein cross-link

It may state here that on inorganic surface, the unoxidized DOPA formed high-strength up till now  which reversible  with synchronization bonds (Minsky  and Turner, 2015). While on unprocessed surfaces, oxidized DOPA was competent to adhere via covalent bond arrangement process (Figure 3)  ( Lan and Pinnavaia,  1994; Salahuddin, et al., 2002).

Polymer System  like ,  mimetic- polymer system maintain the Gecko’s adhesive arrangement process where  over a thousand  polymers get in touch with cycle process, like , in both dry and wet environment. Naturally, pull on and off of the pads may perform by the biochemical bonding process ( Lan and Pinnavaia,  1994; Salahuddin, et al., 2002).

Gecko -Nanotechnology

Gecko’s toes posses more than  billion minute adhesive hairs which are  about 200 nanometers . The spatula-shaped hairs of  Gecko  are in direct earthly contact with environment. The spatula-shaped fibres are significant for strong adhesion (Minsky  and Turner, 2015).

Thus the key result of the above discussion is that there continue to exist 100 nanometers  nanomaterials  are  on the Gecko’s pad .  The wide-ranging optimal adhesion can be accomplished by   amalgamation of reduction and shape optimization process. Moreover, smaller the of pads exhibits the less importance of the shape. This consequence provides a authentic explanation for the distinguishing of hairy add-on systems in biological process which falls in a tapered range, flanked by a few hundred nanometer  to  a few micrometers. Consequently, it is obvious at the present that   a few helpful approach  arrived for conniving bonding agent developed  through  engineering method which we have discussed  above  in the text  (Lan and Pinnavaia,  1994; Salahuddin, et al., 2002;  Minsky  and Turner , 2015).

Gecko and  also lots of insects have adopt nanoscale  fibrillar structure on their feet as adhesion modus operandi. Thus adhesion between a single fibre and a substrate may expand by van der Waals  force (as we have discussed before) or  by electrostatic exchanges. Therefore Geck’s healthy pads intend of optimal sticking together ( rough and smooth) at nanoscale which   provides a reasonable account for the convergent evolution of hairy addition systems in biological process (Gao  and Haimin, 2004;  Guo, et al., 2015)

APPLICATION OF GECKO SETAE

Synthetic setae 

Therefore we can put forward that the setae found on the toes of Gecko and  several methodical investigate in this area is resolute in the direction of the progress of synthetic setae production , akin to in  Gecko’s pad. The five toed feet of a Gecko are covered with flexible hairs called setae and the tresses of hairs are split into nanoscale structure called  spatula. Subsequent  discovery of the Gecko’s adhesion device have been  the major topic of  the current research effort. These development are balanced to yield novel adhesive materials with better properties which are probable to locate in  different industrial sectors , like,  defence , nanotechnological industry  ,  healthcare and sports   (Autumn, et al., 2000). It is fascinating to propose that "gecko tape"  has been experienced by attach a sample to the hand of a 15 cm high plastic Spider-Man figure weighing 40g, which can  make possible it to stick to a glass ceiling. (Murphy, et al., 2005; Lee, et al., 2007).

As nanoscience and nanotechnology develop by  the scientists are now ready to produce synthetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapour deposition onto quartz and silicon substrates (Figure 9) which could support a shear stress of a Gecko foot. This process  will help in human health care in future. (Yurdumakan, et al., 2005).

Geckel

The geckel is describe to be an collection of Gecko-mimetic, about  400 nm wide silicone pillars and fabricate by  large electron rays  lithography. It posses a layered of mussel-mimetic polymer- poly(dopamine methacrylamide-comethoxyethylacrylate)-p(DMA-co-MEA), a mussels containing  synthetic form of the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine. The new  glue material does not only depend on Van der Waals forces for its adhesive properties but also relies on the chemical interaction of the surface with the hydroxyl groups which are present in  the mussel proteins.  The advantage of this complex   material improves adhesion  power in wet and dry  ,Therefore,  it  can use in bandages and medical tape in  future (Guo, et al., 2015).

ROBOTICS

The development of scansorial robotics:

Primarily, we will try to find out, differentiate and implement of the dynamics of climbing phenomena (wall reaction forces, limb trajectories, surface interactions, etc). Secondly , a design, fabricate and deploy adhesive patch technology that yield appropriate adhesion and friction properties to make possible essential surface connections (Yurdumakan, et al., 2005; Lee, et al., 2007).In the present decade, robotics, research has begin to focal point on developing robust climbers. Various robots have been developed that climb flat vertical surfaces using suction, magnets, and arrays of small spines, which attach their (robust climbers) feet to the surface. In addition, two actuators on each hip drive a four bar device, which is converted to foot motion along a prescribed trajectory process. The  positions and  plane of the four bar mechanism angularly with respect to the platform. The word RiSE robot comes from a Czech word, robota, meaning "forced labor." The word robot first appeared in a 1920 , projected by Czech writer Karel Capek, R.U.R.: Rossum's Universal Robots (Rieder , 2010).  A mechanical machine that from time to time resemble with human activity and is competent of performing a assortment   of multifaceted human every day jobs on order or by being planned advance (Bartlett ,2015).

An appliance or device that operates automatically or by remote control. A person who works mechanically without original consideration, especially one who respond robotically to the orders of others(Davis, 1994 ;   Bartlett , 2015).A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance (Crew ,1995; Bartlett , 2015 ). An autonomous robot acts as a stand-alone system, absolute with its own computer (called the controller). Additionally, insect robots work in fleets ranging in integer from a few to thousands, with all fleet members under the supervision of a single controller. The term insect arises from the similarity of the system to a colony of insects, where the persons are simple but the fleet as a whole can be sophisticated ( Ford , 2015).   Robots are sometimes grouped according to the time frame in which they were first widely used (Rieder , 2010). Third-generation robots can be stationary or mobile, autonomous or insect type, with sophisticated indoctrination, speech recognition and/or synthesis, and other superior character (Ford , 2015).   If we consider the  fourth-generation robots which  are in the research-and-development stage and comprise character such as artificial intelligence,  self-replication, self assembly, and nanoscale (physical dimensions on the order of nanometers, or units of 10^-9 meter) (Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ). Some advanced robots are called androids because of their superficial similarity to human beings (Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ). Androids are mobile, usually moving around on wheels or a track drive (robots legs are unstable and difficult to engineer). The android is not necessarily the end point of robot evolution. Some of the most esoteric and powerful robots do not look or behave anything like humans (Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ). The ultimate in robotic intelligence and complexity might take on form, yet to be imaginary shape. At long last, trends in the rates of progress in robotic research for getting the final product where the robotic legs will get the greater adhesive power (Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ).

Thus the RiSE robot to succeed in climbing in both natural and man-made environments. The RiSE robot does not but will use dry adhesion in combination with spine. More recently, robots have been developed that utilize synthetic adhesive materials for climbing smooth surfaces such as on glass(Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ).The crawler and climbing robots can be used in the military context to examine the surfaces for  aircraft  defects and are starting to replace manual inspection methods. Today’s crawlers helps in the   use of  vacuum pumps and heavy-duty suction pads  (Yurdumakan, et al., 2005; ; Murphy, et al., 2005; Lee, et al., 2007; Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ).

Stickybot

Newly achieved   robot called Stickybot which uses synthetic setae in order to scale even extremely smooth vertical surfaces just as a Gecko proceed (Autumn, et al., 2000; Autumn, 2006). The necessary ingredient of the Stickybot are as : hierarchical compliance for conforming at centimetre, millimetre and micrometer scales, anisotropic dry adhesive materials , so that individual  can control adhesion by domineering shear and lastly dispersed active strength control that works with compliance and anisotropy to achieve stability process (Yurdumakan, et al., 2005; Murphy, et al., 2005; Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ).

Geckobot

Another similar example is "Geckobot" developed for climbed at angles of up to 60° from Gecko limbs (Yurdumakan, et al., 2005; Murphy, et al., 2005; Bartlett , 2015; Ford , 2015 ).

Joint replacement

Adhesive based on artificial setae that  have been projected as a resources of picking up, moving and align subtle parts such as ultra-miniature circuits, nano-fibres , nanoparticles, microsensors and micro-motors (Autumn, 2006). In the macro-scale surroundings, they could be applied directly to the surface of a product and replace joints based on screws, rivets, conventional glues and interlocking tabs in manufactured goods. In this way, both assembly and disassembly processes would be simplified. It would also be beneficial to replace conservative adhesive with synthetic Gecko adhesive in void environment (Sethi, et al., 2007).

Other Applications of Synthetic Setae on Gecko Concept

Other applications of synthetic setae, on Gecko concept have been projected, like , Fumble-free football gloves, High-grip vehicle tires, Training shoes and revolutionary rock climbing aids (Autumn, et al., 2000; Autumn, 2006).

In Nut Shell of Bumpy Surfaces of Gecko

More  interesting  to  propose   that each lizard's foot posses half a million hairs, which are one-tenth of the thickness of a human hair. Their ends are multiply tattered. At the frayed ends which are spatula-shaped structures (about a billion per Gecko)( Gamble, et al., 2012).In this case  the pointed tip of a typical shaft of hair can make get in touch with only a small surface area. Moreover, a tip shaped like the flipper piece of a spatula  can  compress over bumpy surface and increase the area with which the hair can make contact (Alyssa, et al., 2014). Large exterior area is important because  of the individual forces accountable for Gecko adhesion. The previous support from above  helps to consider that every functional aspect of bumpy surfaces hairs of Geckos pad can act through a Vander walls forces. Thus Geckos will fasten to metal, plastics or glass, in air or under water.  A diminutive number of scientist predict that  the force of a single Gecko foot hair posses  the adhesive force of a whole body of  Gecko and dividing that by the number of foot hairs per animal. Naturally , Geckos on four different surfaces ranging from hydrophilic (glass), intermediately wetting (PMMA), hydrophobic (OTS-SAM–coated glass), and finally PTFE, a hydrophobic surface to which Geckos fail to adhere in dry conditions.      (Yi ,et al., 2014;  Palmero, 2015; Wasay and   Sameoto, 2015;  Coxworth, 2015)

Gecko in Biomedical Application

Gecko’s bio medical proprietary skill platforms are fully synthetic bio inspired light-activated tissue adhesives with strong adhesive and sealing capacity. As we know that the adhesives have unique chemical and physical properties, including high stickiness, hydro-phobicity and on demand curative. These features allow delivering through plainly invasive procedures to demanding wet environments, with no obligation for tissues drying prior to adhesive application. Gecko’s adhesives are fully biodegradable, biocompatible and elastic, complying with the softness and dynamics of underlying tissues (Coxworth , 2015).

CONCLUSION

Observing quite a lot of studies focused on the Nano- micro and whole-animal mechanics of Gecko adhesion on clean and dry substrates, we have acquainted with relatively little about the effects of water on Gecko adhesion process.  Many Gecko species can navigate in rainfall surface area. Adhesive abilities of Geckos are the results of one key factor that is due to  Vander walls forces. Dry adhesive fibres of styrene ethylene butylenes styrene that encircle the gasket which helps to generate a mushroom shaped geometry and act as a sweep to identify the path of the needed channel. Apart from acting as sidewalls, these fibres enhance the net of adhesion and contribute to make the whole geometry tolerant due to imperfection and surface variation. Gecko's feet are able to stick to surfaces on the basis of millions of microscopic hair-like projection recognized as setae. These temporarily tie with surfaces at a molecular level, due to Van der Waals forces .It is obvious to propose that the reptiles pull their feet forward with broking the biochemical bonds. Moreover, the current form of the mechanism both in and outside of a annulled attaining an adhesive force of over one Newton per square centimetre on smooth surfaces. What's more, it's still able to maintain that recital after 1,000 cycles. It is the uniqueness of Gecko. It is extraordinary study of a unassuming lizard is causal to considerate the elementary process- underlying in adhesion and friction process.

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